Causes of the black death

There are a few reasons with regards to why the Romans picked London as a settlement these incorporate land, the Romans were fantastic constructors thusly they required a lot of land to assemble their Empire. Another explanation was that they saw a stream (presently known as the River Thames). The Romans understood that this waterway could be incredibly helpful from multiple points of view, for example, water for development and endurance, transport to get starting with one area then onto the next and for exchange, with the stream ships from everywhere throughout the world would have the option to get to this point to exchange an assortment of things for example silver to make adornments and coins, fleece to make garments, they likewise imported silk from China to design apparel and some more. By bringing in stock from different nations the Romans had the option to increase their expectations of living and have numerous extravagances. In roughly 50AD the Romans named London ‘Londinium'. Londinium was delegated capital of England there were two fundamental purposes behind this since the River Thames was in London for exchanges despite everything coming, and on the grounds that they had a solid barrier in Londinium as they settled in the north bank of the River Thames where two slopes ensured them which gave them better prospects in war. It was basic for the Romans to have a splendid guard in light of the fact that there were still Celtics wandering around who were continually attempting to win back land with severe power, for example, the assault of Queen Boudicca in 61 AD who set Londinium ablaze she was portrayed as: â€Å"Very tall, the look of her eye generally furious; her voice unforgiving. An extraordinary mass of the reddest hair tumbled down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying.† By the 1300s London's populace had developed to 80,000 numerous things had changed London was an advancing city. During the 1300s there were an assortment reasons individuals chose to settle in London. London was an improving city with numerous appealing structures, there were bunches of occupation accessible for all, for example, cultivating, tannery working, angling and that's only the tip of the iceberg, for amusement there were several venues to visit, there were incalculable number of Cathedrals to visit and London had simple vehicle as a result of the River Thames alongside the London Bridge. Medieval London was comprised of thin and wound lanes, and most of structures were produced using entirely combustible materials, for example, wood and straw, which made fire a steady danger. Cleanliness in London was outrageously destitute individuals weren't cognizant about their wellbeing they disposed of garbage at any rate they tossed out their loss without caring where it fell. The houses would have had none of the things we acknowledge as ordinary today †no running water, no toilets, no showers and washing bowls. Cleanser was inconceivable and as was cleanser. Individuals would have been secured with soil, insects and lice. Beds were just straw stuffed sleeping pads and these would have pulled in lice, bugs and a wide range of bugs. Washing would be uncommon in any event, for the rich, rich individuals may have had a shower a couple of times each year! Your latrine would have been a wooden pail which would have been purged into the closest waterway toward the beginning of the day your water gracefully would likewise originate from a similar stream. Families would have cooked and rested in a similar room. Kids would have rested in a space if the cruck house was large enough. Around evening time, any creature you possessed would be brought inside for wellbeing. There were various explanations behind this. To start with, wild creatures meandered the open country. Britain despite everything had wolves and bears in the timberlands and these could without much of a stretch have taken a pig, bovine or chickens. The loss of any creature could be a calamity yet the loss of significant creatures, for example, a bull would be a fiasco. Whenever left outside around evening time they could likewise have been taken or essentially have strayed. On the off chance that they were inside your home, none of these would occur and they were protected. Be that as it may, they probably made the house considerably more filthy than it for the most part would have been as none of these creatures would have been house-prepared. They would have additionally acquired bugs and flies and so on expanding the unhygienic idea of the house. A portion of the settlement factors individuals would search for in the fourteenth century were top notch occupation offered for all, for example, for example, bread shop, leatherworking, blacksmithing, craftsmen, armorers, bowyers/fletchers and swordsmithing. Individuals picked places which looked eye-getting and there was an agreeable spot to visit and People would need better and improved vehicle just as splendid security and reasonable laws. The Black Death began in Europe when the Genoese chose to get away from the plague by escaping from Caffa (where the Black Death started from). The Genoese boarded their boats and set sail for Italy conveying rodents, escapes and the Black Death with them. The Black Death transmitted when a bug drank a rodent's blood that conveyed the yersina pestis (plague germs). The yersina pestis would increase until the insect's gut was stopped up with it. The insect would then chomp a human shooting the rodent's blood away from any confining influence wound the human would then be tainted. This cycle carried on until the lives of 50 million individuals were taken from them in Europe clearing out portion of London's populace. It is said that the that the It was straightforward for the Black Death to spread in London since Hygiene in London was horrendously poor as appeared in the fourth section there was a ton of blockage since London was appallingly overpopulated and houses were all the while being created individuals would cook, eat, rest and go to the latrine in a similar room which implied a great deal of germs. Taking everything into account I feel that the settlement of London helped the plague to spread during the 1300s in light of different reasons including a significant number of the reasons appeared above for the most part since the sort of individuals that who settled there, and the way that they had no sewage for their loss to go to. In any case, I imagine that if the individuals in London as well as all around the globe were increasingly caution and mindful of germs and cleanliness then the Black Death could never have begun.

Rational Choice Theory essays

Discerning Choice Theory papers Since the finish of WWII another and dubious hypothesis has emerged in the political theory world, the Rational Choice hypothesis. This strategy concerns itself all the more unequivocally with clarification and investigation rather then the conventional graphic and critical technique for taking a gander at political marvel. As appeared in the article It isnt Rocket Science, yet... The normal decision researcher concerns itself more with the technique by which an individual approaches settling on a choice when confronted with various other options. Be that as it may, alongside the development of this new hypothesis, restrictions to it have likewise risen. In the article When did Political Science disregard governmental issues the real dependability of this hypothesis is tested. In this way, one must ask itself, is it conceivable to build up an all inclusive logical hypothesis that could apply to every political zone? Will Political Science be seen as a science? These are the issues th at these articles are revolved around. As referenced over, the principal article concentrates more on the real strategies utilized by a person when confronted with all the more then one chance or result. It takes a gander at what a people inclinations in regards to a ultimate result are and the convictions that control the person in getting to which instrument he should use to accomplish their ideal result. In a totally basic manner, it considers an individual solely as far as the things the person in question needs and the things the person accepts. We need to discover how an individual settles on decisions when defied with choices. Since political conduct is regularly about settling on decisions our model will give us hunches and instincts about how a conventional or delegate individual goes up against these conditions in the theoretical (1). To make it a stride further, the normal choicer accepts that all people are reasonable creatures. That is, they utilize their inclinations and convictions to come about creation ch oices in their everyda... <!

MACRO SLP 4- Fiscal Policy Government Expenditures and Revenues,

MACRO SLP 4- Fiscal Policy Government Expenditures and Revenues, MACRO SLP 4- Fiscal Policy: Government Expenditures and Revenues, Budget, National Debt â€" Essay Example > Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy In most cases, changes in fiscal policy by governments’ precipitate economic crisis thus bringing disruption to many organizations (Squires, 2012). Considerably, lobbying remain crucial in passing information to the congress and federal government on issues pertaining companies and interested groups as they formulate fiscal and monetary policies. More so, issues of exercise tax on medical devices and government spending on education remain essential to the Medtronic. More significantly, Medtronic plays  an essential  in the health care of the American people as it deals with medical technology by being innovative on how to treat chronic diseases. As a result, interested parties lobby the government on how they legislate and formulate the budget for each financial year. Consequently, it is essential for the federal governments’ to analyze the issues that affect the health sector while formulating fiscal policy. More than often, federal government spe nding on education is essential for the country’s population. Additionally, the spending on education consists of both the current and capital expenditure (Van de Water, 2012). As a result, Medtronic deal with the medical technology that requires them to have skilled human resources to carry out research and development in the organization. More so, federal government should deal with increasing their spending on current education by providing sufficient funds to institutions that train the medical technologists. In addition, government should spend on capital expenditure such as building infrastructure for learning to include scientific research institutes. As a result, training becomes more intensive, and medical students are able to acquire necessary skills. More so, increase of research and development funds in order to facilitate innovation bolsters Medtronic specialists dealing with medical technology because it will not outsource the staff from outside the country. More so , government spending regulation on health care remains paramount in how health organizations work, as increase in spending on health care system by the government brings the development of drugs and medical technologies leading to breakthrough products, innovation hubs, and new markets (Squires, 2012). Significantly, the organization dealing with development of medical technologies are affected by an increase in government spending on health care as it will have a direct impact on the development of cheaper and affordable medical equipment by the organization. Considerably, the health care spending at the country has outpaced GDP growth for the past several decades thus, government should continue with this trend, as it will reduce the cost incurred in medical devices leading to increased purchase of the medical equipments at a cheaper and affordable cost. Noticeably, the Affordable Care Act has imposed an excise tax of 2.3 percent by manufacturers of medical device starting in 2 013 (Van de Water, 2012). More so, manufacturers of medical devices will have to pay the excise duty resulting in increasing the cost of medical devices produced by the companies in 2013. Significantly, the federal government should request the congress to repeal the law because it increases the cost of medical devices and medical care of patients. Additionally, the increase in costs of the medical device will make the company manufacture the devices offshore leading to reduction of companies’ workforce in the country. Significantly, the government should repeal the excise tax impose subsequently to reduce the costs of medical device produce by the company and making it affordable. Considerably, lobbying is indispensable in articulating for issues on matter pertaining organizations to the government and the senate. Therefore, lobbying is essential for the company to articulate on issues pertaining excise tax, spending in health care and education. More so, lobbying provide a plat form for the organization to petition the government to consider certain issues when formulating laws and the budget thus, lobbying will benefit both medical companies and the public. In conclusion, lobbying is essential in the articulating of issues affecting the companies and the public. More so, there should be continuous monitor the fiscal policies of the government that affect the medical sector. In addition, the policies should articulate on issues that remain beneficial to medical related companies and the public. Significantly, lobbying should be done based on ethical grounds and in accordance to the set rules and procedures. As a result, Medtronic should lobby the government on issues of excise taxes, spending in education and health care in the United States of America to work efficiently in the provision of medical devices. Reference Squires, D. (2012). Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality. Issues in International Health Policy. 27(7). Van de Water, P. (2012). Excise Tax on Medical Devices Should Not Be Repealed Industry Lobbyists Distort, Overstate Tax’s Impact, center budget and policies priorities.

Accounting Ratios Profit And Loss In Balance Sheets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2025 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The accounting ratio is used to describe significant relationship between a balance sheet in a profit and loss account, in a budgetary control system or in any other part of accounting organization. The main aim of business is to earn profit and to remain solvent. The main purpose of accounting ratio is preparing financial statement that will help various external and internal of the business to appraise the profitability as well the solvent of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accounting Ratios Profit And Loss In Balance Sheets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The purpose of accounting is to plan, how much and in areas that company will put its available finances. Accounting ratios are expressed and counted based on the accounting derived from financial statements of the company. Accounting ratios are used to interpret financial statement for measuring the business performance of company. Accounting ratio has five aspects or areas of business measured, which is profitability of company, liquidity of company, assets management of company, debts management and capital gearing of company and also market value of investment to ordinary shareholders / common stockholders. This is a formula of accounting ratio. Profitability of company Gross profit markup Gross profit x 100 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Margin Gross profit x 100 Net sales value Operating profit margin on sales Operating profit before interest/before taxation x100 Net sales value Profit margin on sales Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Net sales value Basic earning power Operating profit before interest/before taxation x 100 Total assets Return on total assets Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Total assets Return on common equity Net income available to common stockholders x 100 common equity Liquidity of company Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities Acid-test ratio Liquid assets Current liabilities Inventory turnover Cost of sales Average stock value Fixed assets turnover Net sales Fixed assets net book value Total assets turnover Net sales Total assets Debtor ratio Debtor Credit sales Day sales outstanding Debtor x 365 days credit sales Debts management and capital gearing of company Debts ratio Total debts Total assets Capital gearing ratio Prior charge debts capital Total capital Debts equity ratio Total debts Common equity Times interest earned or Interest cover Profit before interest and before taxation x 100 Interest charges Creditor ratio Creditor Credit purchase Creditor payment period Creditor x 365 days Credit purchase Market value of investment to ordinary shareholders / common stockholders Earnings per share Net income available to common stockholders Number of ordinary shares in issues Price earnings ratio Market price per ordinary share Earnings per share Dividend cover Earnings per share Net ordinary dividend per share Earnings yield Gross earnings per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Dividend yield Gross ordinary dividend per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Price / cash flow ratio Market price per ordinary share Net cash inflow per ordinary share Market price per book value Market price per ordinary share Net book value per ordinary share Inter-temporal Effect of price changes make comparisons difficult unless adjustment are made in inter temporal. Impacts of changes in technology on the price of assets, the likely return and the future markets. Impact of changing environment on the results reflected in the accounting information that potential effect of changes in accounting policies on the reported results. Problems associated with establishing a normal base year to compare other years. Inter-firm Selection of industry norms and the usefulness of norms based on averages. Different firms having different financial and business risk profiles and the impact on analysis. Different firms using different accounting policies. Impacts of the size of the business and its comparators on risk, structure and returns. Impacts of different environments on results, different countries or home based versus multinational firms. 1. Ratio Ratio Formula IJM WCT Gross profit markup Gross profit x 100 Cost of goods sold RM 953,43000 x 100 = 31.16 % RM3,060,100000 RM 354,659000 x 100 = 8.23 % RM 4,311,943000 Gross profit Margin Gross profit x 100 Net sales value RM 953,43000 x 100 = 23.76 % RM4,013,530000 RM 354,65000 x 100 = 7.60 % RM 4,666,602000 Operating profit margin on sales Operating profit before interest/before taxation x 100 Net sales value RM 748,698000 x 100 = 18.65 % RM 4,013,530000 RM 244,145000 x 100 = 5.23 % RM4,666,602000 Profi t margin on sales Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Net sales value RM 332,58000 x 100 = 8.29 % RM 4,013,530000 RM 147,098000 x 100 = 3.15 % RM 4,666,602000 Basic earning power Operating profit before interest/before taxation x 100 Total assets RM 748,689000 x 100 = 5.96 % RM 12,558,295000 RM 244,145000 x 100 = 5.45 % RM 4,478,484000 Return on total assets Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Total assets RM 332,580000 x 100 = 2.65 % RM 12,558,295000 RM 147,098000 x 100 = 3.28 % RM 4,478,484000 Return on common equity Net income available to common stockholders x 100 common equity RM 332,580000 x 100 = 6.48 % RM 5,129,221000 RM 147,098000 x 100 = 11.77 % RM 1,250,246000 Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities RM 5,598,766000 = 2.09 : 1 RM 2,685,225000 RM 2,553,187000 = 1.41 : 1 RM 1,807,55000 Acid-test ratio Liquid assets Current liabilities RM 5,069,446000 = 1.89 : 1 RM 2,685, 225000 RM 2,439,478000 = 1.35 : 1 RM 1,807,550000 Inventory turnover Cost of sales Average stock value RM 3,060,100000 = 5.78 times RM 529,320000 RM 4,311,943000 = 37.92 times RM 113,709000 Total assets turnover Net sales Total assets RM 4,013,53000 = 0.32 times RM 12,558,295000 RM 4,666,602000 = 1.04 times RM 4,478,484000 Debtor ratio Debtor Credit sales RM 2,173,187000 = 0.54 : 1 RM 4,013,53000 RM 1,472,655000 = 0.32 : 1 RM 4,666,602000 Day sales outstanding Debtor x 365 days credit sales 0.54 x 365 days = 197.1 days 0.32 x 365days = 116.8 days Debts ratio Total debts Total assets RM 6,100,936000 = 0.49 : 1 RM 12,558,295000 RM 2,991,508000 = 0.67 : 1 RM 4,478,484000 Debts equity ratio Total debts Common equity RM 6,100,936000 = 1.19 : 1 RM 5,129,221000 RM 2,991,508000 = 2.39 : 1 RM 4,478,484000 Times interest earned or Interest cover Profit before interest and before taxation x 100 Interest charges RM 748,698000 = 3.72 times RM 201,42100 RM 244,145000 = 4.85 times RM 50308000 Earnings per share Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Number of ordinary shares in issue RM 332,580000 = RM 0.25 RM 1,327,216000 shares RM 147,098000 = RM 0.19 RM 777,712000 shares Price earnings ratio Market price per ordinary share Earnings per share RM 4.80 per share = 19.2 times RM 0.25 per share RM 2.60 per share = 13.68 time RM 0.19 per share Earnings yield Gross earnings per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share 100/ 75 x RM 0.25 x 100 = 6.94 % RM 4.80 100/ 75 x RM 0.19 x 100 = 9.74 % RM 2.60 Market price per book value Market price per ordinary share Net book value per ordinary share RM 4.80 per share RM 5,129,221000 / 1,327,216000 shares = RM 3.86 = RM 4.80 RM 3.86 = 1.24 : 1 RM 2.60 per share RM 1,250,246000 / 777,712000 shares =RM 1.61 = RM 2.60 RM 1.61 = 1.61 : 1 Liquidity of company Current ratio and Acid-test ratio both are lower than IJM, indicating that company might have lesser amount of current assets and liquid assets in relation to its current liabilities so that company has low liquidity to finance its short-term debts and might be facing some short-term financial problem Assets management of company Inventory turnover is much lower than WCT, indicating company has a slow stock turn in its business so that goods purchased and kept in store were very slowly taken out for resale, resulting large amount of stock to tie up money, having poor inventory management. Total assets turnover is lower than WCT, indicating that company was using its assets in business activities, causing lower sales generated in relation to its assets value, having poor assets management. Debtor ratio and days sales outstanding are higher than IJM, indicating that company has allowed longer credit time to collect money slowly from customers, causing large amount of debtor balance to tie up money, having poor management o debtor collection Debts management Debts ratio and debts equity ratio are higher than IJM, indicating that company has heavy debts with large amount of debts in relation to its assets, bearing high interest cost in relation to its available profit. Times interest earned is lower than WCT. Company has a risk of being forced to dispose part assets for paying back the debts and interest cost if it lacks of fund for settlement. Market value to common stockholders Earnings per share and earning yield are lower than IJM, indicating that company has lower growth in business profit, resulting lower net income available to each unit share, being less attractive and lower value to common stockholders. This evidenced by the price earnings ratio and price cash flow ratio being higher than WCT. Market price book value ratio is higher than IJM, indicating that company share price has risen up above its real asset value or book value, being not realistic stockholders. CONCLUSION In my conclusion, I liked to choose WCT Company. WCT Company is good performance in the business because WCT Company has a stronger financial performance. WCT Company is the highest basic earning power and return on common equity. This company has increase the production volume and sales volume at lower costs. Thus, the WCT Company didnà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢t face any short term liabilities and they are stable. Other than that, the base information is often out of date, so timeliness of information leads to problems of interpretation. Information is published accounts is generally summarized information and detailed information may be needed. Analysis of accounting information only identifies symptoms not causes and thus is of limited use. Selection of industry norms and the usefulness of norms based on averages. Different firms having different financial and business risk profiles and the impact on analysis. Different firms using diffe rent accounting policies. Impacts of the size of the business and its comparators on risk, structure and returns. Impacts of different environments on results, different countries or home based versus multinational firms. QUESTION 2 Financial market can be found in nearly every nation in the world. Financial market are typically defined by having transparently, pricing, basic regulations on trading, cost and fees. Some financial markets only allow participants that meet certain criteria. It can be based on factors like the amount of money, the investor, and knowledge of the markets or the profession of the participant. Most financial market have period of heavy trading and demand for securities. Transparency is important to increase the confidence of participants and therefore foster efficient financial market place. Financial market are deal with different types of financial instruments such as stocks or shares, bonds, notes, mortgages and other claims on real assets as well with the derivative securities or commodities whose valued are derived from changes in the prices of other assets. Transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market, there are three different ways. There are direct transfers from savers to borrowers. It is when a corporation issues and sells its stocks or bonds directly to savers without passing through any financial institution so the corporation as borrower directly delivers its securities to savers who in turn give money to the corporation. In direct transfer from savers to borrowers through investment banking house is when an investment bank underwrites the issuance of a corporation securities where the investment bank serves as a middlemen to facilitate the issuance of corporation by purchasing the securities and resell the same securities to serves so the money paid by the savers for purchase of corporation are passed by the investment bank and to be received by the corporation which acts as borrower. The corporation securities and the savers money merely pass through the investment banking house. Indirect transfer from savers to borrowers through a financial intermediary is when a financial intermediary such as a bank or a mutual fund obtains fund from savers by issuing its own securities or certificate of deposit to savers. Then, the financial intermediary uses the fund collect from savers to purchase and to hold the securities of other corporation as investment. The capital or fund is transferred from savers to financial intermediary when savers pay money and in exchange for receiving certificate of deposit or securities issued by the financial intermediary. Then in turn the financial intermediary will further transfer this fund to other corporation by paying money out of the fund to purchase securities of other. Most of the savers prefer to hold certificate of deposit because they are safer and more liquid than mortgages and loans. Investment banking house is an organization that underwrites and distributes the new issue of business corporation securities to assist corporation obtain fund for financing BIBILOGRAPY 1. Clark, Scott. Financial Ratios Hold the Key to Smart Business. Birmingham Business Journal. February 11, 2000. 2. clark Scott. You Can Read the Tea Leaves of Financial Ratios. Birmingham Business Journal. February 25, 2000. 3.https://www.answers.com/topic/financial-ratio#ixzz1FBkBKA1n 4. www.accountingcoach.com EBARY Elvin, Mike. Financial Risk Taking : An Introduction to the Psychology of Trading and Behavioural Finance. https://site.ebrary.com/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10113930p00=introduction+to+finance Ramagopal, C.. Financial Management. Daryaganj, Delhi, IND: New Age International, 2008. p iv. https://site.ebrary.com/lib/olympia/Doc?id=10318697ppg=5 Venardos, Angelo M.. Islamic Banking and Finance in South-East Asia : Its Development and Future. https://site.ebrary.com/lib/olympia/Doc?id=10126039ppg=2

Ayuda para inmigrantes vctimas de abuso laboral

El Departamento de Justicia brinda ayuda a los inmigrantes que vienen a Estados Unidos con una visa no inmigrante de trabajo y son và ­ctimas de explotacià ³n laboral. Porque deben saber que la ley los protege. Lamentablemente son relativamente comunes los casos de todo tipo de abusos, que van desde no pagar el salario acordado a retener pasaportes pasando por instancias muy desagradables de asalto sexual. Si se producen alguna de esas conductas, se puede solicitar ayuda. Y a continuacià ³n se informa sobre quà © debe saberse. Ejemplos de trabajadores protegidos en sus derechos Los extranjeros que vienen temporalmente a trabajar en la agricultura con H-2A o en trabajos que no requieren titulacià ³n pero no son agrà ­colas como la H-2B. E incluso los que vienen por intercambio con una visa J, como la de maestros u au-pair, o profesionales con otro tipo de visas laborales como la TN para mexicanos o la H-1B. Porque desgraciadamente todos los trabajadores pueden ser và ­ctimas de abuso. A quà © tiene derecho los extranjeros con una visa de trabajo Entre los derechos de los que gozan se encuentran los siguientes: Conservar en todo momento consigo su pasaporte y otros documentos de identificacià ³n.A ser pagados de acuerdo a la ley. No pueden ser pagados menos que un estadounidense por el mismo tipo de trabajo. En este punto, consultar siempre cuà ¡l es el salario mà ­nimo establecido por el gobierno federal y tambià ©n el que fija el estado en el que se desempeà ±a el trabajo, ya que puede ser superior y entonces habrà ­a que respetarlo.A no ser obligados a continuar trabajando, si uno no lo desea. Pero ojo con abandonar el trabajo sin consejo de un abogado, ya que podrà ­a dar lugar a que la visa se diese por terminada y a que no se pueda tener presencia legal en Estados Unidos.A reportar abuso laboral sin sufrir ningà ºn tipo de represalias.A pedir ayuda a sindicatos (unions) y a grupos relacionados con la defensa de los derechos e intereses de los trabajadores.A no ser và ­ctima de promesas falsas por parte del empleador relativas a la paga, nà ºmero de horas trabajadas, tipo de trabajo, lugar a desempeà ±arlo o incluso sobre las caracterà ­sticas del alojamiento. Quà © hacer en los casos de explotacià ³n laboral Se recomienda llevar un diario en el que se anotan los problemas que surgen cada dà ­a asà ­ como las horas que se trabajan y la retribucià ³n de las mismas. Asimismo, debe mantenerse el trabajo salvo casos extremos. Ayuda a inmigrantes và ­ctimas de explotacià ³n laboral Llamar para reportar abuso a la Là ­nea para reportar explotacià ³n laboral en el nà ºmero 1-888-428-7581. Este nà ºmero de telà ©fono depende del Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos y es atendido de lunes a viernes en de 9 de la maà ±ana a 5 de la tarde, en horario de la costa Este.   En casos graves y urgentes siempre se puede llamar a la Policà ­a marcando al 911.  Los mexicanos pueden contactar con el Centro de Informacià ³n y Ayuda conocido como CIAM. Es un telà ©fono gratuito que brinda excelente informacià ³n sobre quà © hacer o refieren a abogados u organizaciones sin fin de lucro con buena reputacià ³n. Ademà ¡s, si cree que usted es và ­ctima de explotacià ³n laboral no acepte el consejo del abogado que le provea su empleador, ya que sus intereses y los de à ©ste no coinciden y el consejo recibido puede que no sirva a sus intereses. A tener en cuenta con visas H-2A y H-2B Lamentablemente, los abusos son especialmente frecuentes  en casos de inmigrantes temporales legales que tienen visas H-2A (agricultura) y H-2B (no agricultura).   Incluso a veces el abuso comienza antes de viajar a Estados Unidos cuando los reclutadores exigen condiciones muy gravosas para dar el trabajo, por ejemplo, que se deje en fianza las propiedades de fincas. Es muy importante evitar esos abusos. Esta es una lista de reclutadores en Mà ©xico para esas visas incluyendo un listado de aquellos que causado en el pasado este tipo de problemas. A esos los hay que evitar. Especial para indocumentados Si se està ¡ en los Estados Unidos en una situacià ³n migratoria de indocumentado verificar cuà ¡les son las reglas del estado en las que se vive en relacià ³n a los derechos para recibir salarios y sobre condiciones laborales. Algunos  estados protegen a los trabajadores en esos dos aspectos sin preguntar cuà ¡l es el estatus migratorio. En todo caso tener presente las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos y la nueva polà ­tica de deportaciones establecida por orden ejecutiva del presidente Donald Trump. Este artà ­culo no es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto. Su funcià ³n es meramente informativa.

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC) Free Essays

string(207) " concrete by Romans in 300 BC when they found that blending a pink sand-like stuff which was volcanic ash they obtained from Pozzuoli with their normal lime-based concretes resulted in a far stronger stuff\." Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Foreword Aggregate and cement concrete drama a critical function in the civil technology where the building of constructions both for domestic and commercial intent is dependent upon the quality and scientific features of the concrete used as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) [ 1 ] . This is apparent from the fact that concrete is used in many applications apart from structural applications including insularity, make fulling etc†¦ In this study a critical analysis on the lightweight sum concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research will supply a comprehensive penetration on the scientific facets environing LAC and the demand for utilizing LAC in structural applications. 1.2: Purpose and Aims The purpose of this study is to show a critical analysis on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) and research on its structural applications and farther developments. The above purpose is achieved by encompassing the study on the undermentioned aims To carry on a comprehensive overview on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) by supplying the history, definitions and economic factors environing the applications and usage of LAC in civil constructions. To supply a critical overview on the production of cement and its belongingss in the visible radiation of LAC and its application in civil constructions. To show a scientific analysis on the belongingss of LAC utilizing different composing stuffs including both the mechanical and chemical belongingss. To look into on the ordinances refering to LAC and their effects on a specific composing of LAC in a given geographical part. To look into on the LAC production and usage in Greece. 1.3: Research Scope The presence of concrete in civil technology is thorough in nature and therefore the research range is limited to the composing of the LAC and its application in civil construction applications. The cardinal facets of the LAC and its industry in Greece is besides included in the range of the research although a planetary research on the LAC industry and ordinances refering to LAC is out of range of this undertaking. The research range besides includes the probe of the general ordinances adhered in the Europe including the ACI-318 and design considerations in the visible radiation of Seismic Design. 1.4: Research methodological analysis The nature of the research is dependent on the analysis and findings environing the LAC which is used in civil constructions. Since constructing a civil construction is non portion of the undertaking due to be and resource restraints, the research methodological analysis is strictly dependent on qualitative analysis utilizing secondary research informations. The qualitative attack to research in instances of the technology analysis is advised as a dependable attack as the findings from the research on the secondary resources are already published therefore supplying a validated beginning of information for analysis. This is farther justified by John W. Creswell ( 2002 ) [ 2 ] . Hence the research methodological analysis in this study is qualitative research utilizing published resources including diaries, text books and scientific documents. The Internet is used as the chief hunt infinite for roll uping information to execute the qualitative analysis. 1.5: Chapter Overview Chapter 1: Introduction This is the current chapter where the reader is provided with a brief debut on the subject, research purpose and aims, range and methodological analysis. The chapter sets the phase for the overall research presented in the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal In this chapter a historic overview on the concrete and the usage of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. This is so followed by the definition of the LAC and its application in the civil structural applications from a historic position. The chapter is concluded with an overview on the economic factors and benefits realised through the usage of the LAC in the civil construction applications with illustrations. The economic overview besides throws visible radiation on the cardinal facets of LAC that benefit the overall concrete composing in structural applications every bit good as supply a elaborate reappraisal of the assorted LAC composings used in the yesteryear during the initial phases of LAC’s usage in the building industry. Chapter 3: Concrete Production This chapter presents a elaborate overview on the modern concrete production techniques and the development of the production techniques over the old ages. The two popular techniques used in the production viz. the rotary kiln and the sintering procedure with penetration on the fluctuations is presented to the reader in this chapter. Furthermore, the lightweight sum production and the cardinal production methods used in the commercial applications including the advantages associated are presented to the reader. Chapter 4: LAC – Properties, Regulations and composing analysis based on geographics. This chapter presents a critical analysis on the belongingss of LAC and the assorted combination of lightweight sum that is used in different classs of the building. The research throws visible radiation on the assorted composings of lightweight sum and their distinguishable characteristics that help accomplish the coveted benefits in a structural application. The chapter so presents a critical overview on the ordinances refering to the LAC followed by the composing analysis based on the stuffs that are available locally to a given geographical location. The chosen geographics for this research is Greece. Chapter 5: Decision This chapter reviews the aims of the research followed by supplying the decision to the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal 2.1: Historical overview Concrete, typically a mixture of sand, crushed rock and cement day of the months back to ancient history when ruddy calcium hydroxide was used as a cementing constituent in doing concrete ( Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra, 2002 ) . This makes it clear that the current mixtures of concrete have evolved over the historic periods to provide assorted technology demands with the developments in scientific discipline and the inventions in technology as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . A classical illustration for the development of concrete since the ancient history is the usage of concrete by Romans in 300 BC when they found that blending a pink sand-like stuff which was volcanic ash they obtained from Pozzuoli with their normal lime-based concretes resulted in a far stronger stuff. You read "Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC)" in category "Essay examples" The history behind the usage of sum to do concrete mix day of the months back to every bit early as the early the Roman period when the Romans used advanced methods in fixing concrete mixes with different sum stuffs to accommodate the structural demands and strength. The classical illustrations for the above statement include the usage of lightweight sums as in the roof of the Pantheon, and embedded support in the signifier of bronze bars as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The engineering in concrete utilizing different sums every bit good as accounting for thermic and other physical qualities of re-enforcing stuffs to do concrete mixes that provide the coveted strength is apparent throughout history although the industrial revolution and the addition in the technology and the function of steel in the 20Thursdaycentury have increased the invention every bit good as developments around the engineering of doing the right concrete mix. Concrete is non merely a critical component in the civil structural applications but besides a cardinal component in many other applications environing the building concern doing it one of the of import and most sought after merchandise in the technology concern itself as argued by Fu-Tung Cheng and Eric Olsen ( 2002 ) [ 3 ] . This is of course because of the fact that concrete is non merely a constituent in the building of civil constructions but besides a design ingredient in make up one’s minding upon the strength, truss and other physical elements that govern the stableness of a given edifice. This is besides justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The definition of cement in technology footings refers to pulverize stuffs which develop strong adhesive qualities when combined with H2O. This makes it clear that the cementing action of volcanic ash that was used to do concrete by the Romans autumn under the cement. It is farther apparent that concrete is referred to as a composite edifice stuff made from the combination of sum and cement binder. From the above it is clear that the developments in the quality of cement and the innovation of Portland cement, gypsum plaster, etc†¦ have a direct influence on the development of the concrete engineering although the aggregative constituent of the concrete composing plays an every bit of import function in assorted mixes of concrete that serve a coveted intent as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . Another component of greater significance to the development of concrete engineering in the recent old ages every bit early as the 1900s is the development of concrete boats during the 2nd universe war where the lightweight sum concrete played a critical function in the design and building of the ships itself as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) [ 4 ] . It is besides interesting to observe that the importance of concrete has increased with the demand for refined and purpose specific concrete mixes where the function of concrete has been non merely to supply the structural support but besides the coveted strength at the needed physical conditions that is set in the given geographical location as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2002 ) . The growing of the expanded clay and shale industry since the morning of the 20Thursdaycentury and the developments during the Second World War when the lightweight sum concrete utilizing clay and shale was used to build the war ships marked the accelerated growing of the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . 2.2: Definition of lightweight sum In order to specify the lightweight sum – the subject under research in this thesis, it is indispensable to show the basicss environing the lightweight sum. Hence this subdivision foremost presents a brief research on sum, its function in building as portion of the concrete mix and so travel towards the nucleus subject ( i.e. ) the definition of lightweight sum. Aggregate is the footings used to jointly mention to the ingredients in doing a concrete mix that gives strength and texture to the overall concrete composing made of sand, cement and sum as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Aggregate is the composite stuff of the concrete that is aimed to defy compressive emphasis doing it clear that the size, strength and weight of the aggregative stuffs are critical constituents for the overall efficiency of the concrete to pull off the compressive emphasis as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The modern twenty-four hours concrete utilizations Portland cement as the cementing component and the sum that is held together by the cement and H2O to plan concrete for different grades of strengths, lastingness, heat A ; sound insularity, and H2O stringency as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . This makes it clear that the sum is the critical constituent of the concrete that attributes to observe merely the strength and quality of the concrete but besides dictates the nature of the applications and the extent to which invention in technology can be taken to. The cardinal physical quality of the sum is the compressive strength that it can back up for a given composing. The lightweight sums that are researched in this study typically attribute to up to 80 lbs per square inch which is used chiefly applications that demand lightweight concrete by virtuousness of the placement or for the support, insularity etc. specific gravitation is another critical component in depicting the quality of sum as the specific gravitation off the substance is straight relative to its emphasis and squeezability factors as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . A typical combination and most popular in the building industry for the sum is the crushed rock and sand mix at different sizes and squeezability that are used in high demand building structural applications as argued by Glenn A. Black. Hence sum in concrete is defined as the constituent of concrete that attributes to the strength, lastingness, squeezability and insularity properties to back up the coveted building application. Lightweight Aggregate Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) says â€Å"The term â€Å" Lightweight Aggregate † describes a scope of particular usage sums that have an evident specific gravitation well below normal sand and crushed rock which were at one clip used in about all concrete† . From the above it is clear that the lightweight sum is one of the critical elements that makes concrete flexible and various to do the overall structural design and specifications as to run into the building demands as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the lightweight sum in the concrete that is made utilizing light weight stuffs besides provide an appreciable degree of squeezability every bit good as possess strength that can be defined based on the composing therefore doing it a versatile and cost effectual procedure in the production procedure itself. The scope of lightweight sum is extended in nature from highly light stuffs used for insularity and non-structural concrete all the manner to expanded clays and shales used for structural concrete. This makes it clear that the lightweight sum in the concrete is chiefly aimed to accomplish high degree of physical stableness and squeezability through efficaciously using the physical qualities of the aggregative stuffs. This is farther justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) who argues that the lightweight sum in the concrete is a major measure towards invention in the field of technology itself. The strength and the air trapped in each single atom of the constituents of the aggregative stuffs are reciprocally relative to each other therefore doing it clear that in order to derive lightweight aggregate the sum of air trapped in the single atoms must be high therefore doing it clear that the strength of the concrete therefore obtained is low. The above relationship stated provides the counsel to guarantee the balance between the air trapped and the strength required in the concrete mix therefore doing the overall lightweight sum concrete customisable to run into the structural demands of the application on manus. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum The concrete spectrum ensuing from the usage of the lightweight sum is highly diverse in nature runing from really lightweight sum concrete up to high strength sums dedicated for specific bespoke applications as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The ace lightweights scope of aggregative concrete that are derived from Vermiculite and Perlite are the capable of presenting weights every bit low as 15 to 20 lbs per three-dimensional pes therefore doing it clear the application of lightweight sums in the technology concern provides a diverse scope of applications for concrete. The natural sums, Pumice and Scoria for illustration can be used to do concrete deliberation at approximately 25 to 30 lbs per three-dimensional pes and extended every bit high as 65 lbs per three-dimensional pes as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Furthermore, the usage of coal clinkers and expanded shale, clay and slate sums produced utilizing rotary kiln method can present weights in a varying scope from 75 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. Another popular production method for this scope of sums includes the sintering where the weights are delivered typically runing from 90 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. The high terminal applications of aggregative concrete include the production of sums capable of presenting weights up to 150 lbs per three-dimensional pes utilizing the air-cooled scoria sums and the hard-rock sums such as sand and crushed rock and crushed rock, which produce conventional concretes as mentioned by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . From the above it is clear that the sums that lie in the lower terminal of the weight that have lower compressive strength are used chiefly for insularity intents whilst those in the in-between spectrum are used for insularity and filling. The high terminal of the lightweight sum concrete spectrum are used in a broad scope of structural applications that demand high compressive strengths every bit good as efficient direction of weight as argued by Glenn A. Black. The concrete spectrum for the lightweight sum concrete is presented in the figure below img alt="" src="/images/essays/062016a/199020.001.png"/ Fig 1: Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum ( Beginning: Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) ,Lightweight Concrete history, Applications and Economics,Indiana University ) 2.3: Economicss environing lightweight Aggregate Concrete The cardinal facets of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete that attribute to the economical and structural benefits derived through the structural applications utilizing LAC include the undermentioned 2.3.1:Fire opposition– Resistance to fire is one of the critical elements that is expected in concrete to guarantee that the fire opposition and the structural stableness of the civil construction is maintained through the usage of aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) [ 5 ] . The fire opposition of lightweight sum is higher compared to the typical concrete sum chiefly because of the fact that the aggregative stuffs composing the lightweight sum have lower thermic conduction, lower coefficient of thermic enlargement as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The fact that the aggregative stuffs possess built-in fire resistant belongingss is the cardinal component that is emphasised and strengthened in instance of the lightweight aggregates where the aforesaid heat opposition belongingss help accomplish higher fire opposition. It is besides interesting to observe that the built-in fire stableness of sum is high and in instance o f the lightweight sum it is at a heat of over 2000 grades Fahrenheit. As it is stated in the â€Å"ACI 216 â€Å" Standard Method for Determining fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies † , when slab thickness is determined by fire opposition and non by structural standards ( Goists, waffle slabs e.g. ) , the superior public presentation of lightweight concrete, will cut down the thickness of slabs ensuing in significantly lower concrete volumes† , ( John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm, 2006 ) . From the above it is clear that the fire opposition belongingss of the lightweight sum straight contributes to the overall structural stableness and the decrease in the volume occupied by the concrete in the structural applications. This justifies the various nature of the lightweight sum therefore enabling it to be used in advanced structural applications as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . 2.3.2: Service Life of the Structure– The service life of the construction is another critical component that is used as step of economic usage in instance of measuring the concrete and the aggregative efficiency against the capital invested as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) further provinces that the lastingness of lightweight sum is high and the life of the constructions constructed utilizing lightweight sum prove to hold higher life lastingness. The historical grounds to warrant the aforesaid include popular constructions likeThe Port of Cosa –built about 273 B.C. where the builders used lightweight concrete made out of natural volcanic stuffs,The Pantheonthat was finished in 27 B.C that incorporates concrete changing in denseness from underside to exceed of the dome and the most popular Amphitheater, built in 75 to 80 A.D. where the foundations were cast as lightweight concrete utilizing crushed volcanic lava as argued b y John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . From the above statements it is apparent that the lastingness of the constructions designed utilizing the lightweight concrete is extended in nature. Looking into the more modern illustrations to warrant the service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete for building include the lightweight concrete ships built by the American Emergency Fleet Corporation during the First World War. The compressive strengths of the concrete used were in the scope of 5000 pounds per square inch ( 35 MPa ) obtaining a unit weight of 110 lb/ftJ ( 1760 kg/mJ ) or less utilizing the rotary kiln produced expanded shale and clay sum as identified by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The service of these lightweight concrete boats during the universe wars and their subsequent in the merchandiser ships warrant the lastingness and service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete building applications. Furthermore, the fact that the higher degree of air trapped in the atoms make the submergence efficient in instance of the marine applications makes lightweight sum as a natural pick for the Marine applications although the usage of lightweig ht concrete extends to commercial structural applications in many Bridgess across the United States of America where the structural efficiency and stableness on Bridgess that were deemed unserviceable due to hapless burden bearing capablenesss was improved through the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Furthermore, the critical component that attributes to the service life of the lightweight concrete is the heat opposition, opposition to environmental corrosion and its lightweight that reduces the burden on the construction doing its service life longer than the typical concrete applications. 2.3.3: Economic sustainability John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) argue that the structural applications in the modern yearss are judged against the cost, functionality, aesthetics or a combination of these as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the costs associated with the building of the construction every bit good as the running costs associated with care, infinite and fix are the critical elements that attribute to the pick of a given concrete mix over another. The lightweight sum that is used in the LAC is higher in costs compared to the typical concrete mix as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is of course because of the demand to bring forth the concrete mix utilizing stuffs of alone physical belongingss and the extent of research and development involved with the overall design of the building application. Alongside, the cost is treated as the cardinal component in instance of commercial execution of building applications preponderant ly because of the fact that the step on the returns in footings of return on investing is attributable when compared against the costs associated with the building of the construction. John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) say that although the capital involved with the building of lightweight constructions is high, the fact that the low care costs and costs associated with other back uping constructions during the buildings like the decrease in steel, girders and besides the decrease in the slab thickness will equilibrate the costs with the production of the LAC concrete mix itself. This farther justifies that the economic sustainability where the return on the investing and the optimal pick for building is accomplishable utilizing lightweight sum as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) The statements of Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) that the lightweight sum besides has the benefit of lower degree of care and negligible fixs associated due to its lastingness features farther justify that the effectivity of the lightweight sum in accomplishing economic sustainability is high. Hence the lightweight sum is extremely recommended in the building of critical structural applications like Bridgess and commercial edifice where the burden bearing is high and the infinite is a critical component to salvage costs. 2.3.3: Energy ingestion and energy nest eggs– The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive of the European Union is a classical illustration for the justification that the composing of the concrete and the belongingss of the constituents consisting the construction of constructing commercial and domestic contribute straight to the overall energy ingestion as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is farther justified in the statements of Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) [ 6 ] where the writer has justified that the concrete mix and the design of the overall construction to accommodate the structural demands have a direct impact on the energy ingestion. Alongside, the heat immune belongingss of the lightweight sum and the ability to pin down higher sum of air within the atoms consisting the sum further do the lightweight sum to be able to run into the warming and chilling demands in a given construction as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides interesting t o observe that the energy public presentation efficiency in the edifice particularly in the West where a major part of the energy is used for heating intents justify that the concrete mix and the aggregative composing to do the concrete mix are critical for the successful energy nest eggs in the edifices as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lastingness, stableness and other physical belongingss including the squeezability of an aggregative stuff property to the ability of the concrete used in the edifice to retain heat therefore cut downing the ingestion of energy for interior warming intents as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides a good known fact that the decrease in the concrete denseness increases the thermic opposition therefore doing it clear that the lightweight sum will increase the thermic opposition due to the lower specific gravitation of the aggregative composing that reduces the denseness of the concrete used in the building of the construction. A typical illustration is the concrete denseness of 90lb/cubic pes will hold a opposition ( R value ) of 0.26/inch whilst the R value for a denseness of 135lb/cubic pes is about 0.10/inc therefore doing it clear the energy efficiency is greatly increased through the usage of lightweight sums as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Chapter 3: Concrete Production 3.1: Overview The production of concrete mix utilizing the sum is achieved through the commixture of the sum, sand and cement with right sums of H2O to bring forth the concrete mix of the necessary strength. The concrete commixture is dependent upon the quality of the sum every bit good as the cement used to accomplish the coveted denseness, strength and squeezability of the concrete for the structural application. In this chapter a critical overview on the cement production followed by the production methods for lightweight sums is presented to the reader. 3.2: Cement Production The chief ingredient for the production of cement is limestone of changing chemical composings that are freely available in the preies as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lime rock is processed and farther chemicals are added to derive the cement of the necessary strength and squeezability. The undermentioned explains the production procedure briefly The natural limestone of changing chemical combinations is foremost collected to fix the natural mix where the limestone is assorted with minerals of minerals incorporating Ca oxide, Si oxide, aluminum oxide, ferrous oxide, and Mg oxide. This mixture is prepared to a all right mixture which forms the natural mix for a typical Portland cement. This is so blended to organize the natural blend where the natural mix is formulated to a really tight chemical preparation to derive the coveted strength from the finished green goods of the cement as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The natural blending procedure is conducted in a manner where the comparative content of each oxide in the chemical composing is kept changeless throughout the production procedure in order to guarantee that the belongingss of the concluding merchandise is non altered. It is besides argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) really little alterations to the Ca content in the natural mix may take to big alterations in the ratio of alite to belite in the cinder, and to matching alterations in the cement ‘s strength-growth features ( Sarah Gaventa, 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the effectual control of the natural mix is critical for the production of consistent quality cement to run into the demands of the structural application. The following phase is the preparation of the cinder where the blend natural mixture is put through a complex chemical reaction procedure in a big cement kiln with temperature increasing over the length of the cylinder as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The concluding merchandise of the procedure is called cinder which is the concluding merchandise of the cement produced in the solid signifier at the coveted chemical combination. This is so put through a cement crunching procedure where the cinder that is produced is assorted with little sums of Ca sulfate to crunch the cement to the desired coarseness in order to back up the structural application. Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) further argues that the major constituents that decide on the strength and quality of cement include the undermentioned Cinder Gypsum Limestone Blast Furnace Slag The Blast Furnace Slag is one of the critical elements in lending to the stableness of the chemical reaction in the cement kiln as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . Another interesting component with the blast furnace scoria is the fact that the effectual usage of the scoria in the cement production procedure besides allows to command the specific gravitation of the cement when assorted with aggregative and H2O to organize concrete every bit good as the ability to make the coveted strength of the cement concrete through the right combination of limestone and gypsum. The schematic of the cement production procedure is presented in the fig 2 below. img alt="" src="/images/essays/062016a/199020.002.png"/ Fig 2: Cement production Schematic ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimnat.com.lb/Production/Model.gif ) 3.3: Sum production The aggregative production is the following critical component in the lightweight concrete readying as the lightweight sum is one of the major elements that must be produced at a higher degree of preciseness in order to guarantee the coveted degree of strength and specific gravitation are achieved as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The rotary kiln method is a traditional method of production which is popular since 1946 as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The procedure of the production involves the application of heat to shale, clay and slate under controlled conditions. The conditions include the force per unit area and other features that trigger chemical reactions in order to accomplish the preferable specific gravitation and denseness of the sum constituent which is so land to the needed coarseness as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The sintering method every bit good as the rotary kiln method typically use the similar base natural stuff that comprise of a extremely silicious clay or shale that exhibits a bloating characteristic which is achieve through gas-forming minerals which release gas on exposure to the desired degree of heat as argued by Glenn B. Black ( 2004 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the readying of the sum is dependent upon the extent to which the force per unit area and the external temperature is controlled that set the temperature-based chemical reactions as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . How to cite Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC), Essay examples

Empowerment in the Workplace free essay sample

The ability to affirm one’s self is an act that involves many facets on how an individual can be perceived, and the manner in which others perceive the characterization of the individual. The main form of this elasticity to exercise this affirmation is by the action of empowerment. Empower in the form to equip or supply with an ability or enable, is the most fervent assertion of self independence one can bestow to themselves and to outside entities. It is a declaration that can be demonstrated with an affective realm mentally, emotionally, and communally. Empowerment is a word that many people know, but not a skill that very many people have been able to master. For me, empowerment is the process of enabling an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of being able to take control of one’s own destiny. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowerment in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Empowerment comes from the individual. Stages of empowerment can be described in the following ways to ensure the expansion of the individual, and to gain prosperity in all aspects of human existence. Within the flat organization model, employee empowerment becomes a mainstay. Just because the traditional model is not in place, that doesnt mean that management does not exist. Employee empowerment is a critical tool that can be utilized to create a better environment while amplifying the support of employees. People are the most important asset. Technologies, products and structures can be copied by competitors. No one, however, can match a company full of highly charged, motivated people who care. Empowering the employees stresses a few major points: personal responsibility, injection of new ideas, and open lines of communication. Empowerment is the oil that lubricates the exercise of learning. Talented and empowered human capital is becoming the prime ingredient of organizational success. Placing personal responsibility on each employee also ensures employees take ownership of their actions. Personal accountability also breeds interpersonal discipline. While holding each and every employee accountable, employees will begin to police themselves and take into account any shortfalls of fellow employees. People want and need to feel that they are insiders, that they are aware of everything that is going on. There is nothing so demoralizing to a staff member than to be kept in the dark about their work and what is going on in the company. Not only this deal with personal responsibility, it supports the ideas of better communication not only from management but within the employees themselves. A critical feature of successful teams, especially in knowledge-based enterprises, is that they are invested with a significant degree of empowerment, or decision-making authority. Basically, with the introduction of empowerment and personal responsibility, successful teams and companies are created within the flat organization model. With the empowerment and personal responsibility in action, people within the workplace will feel more comfortable speaking up and having their voice heard. At this point, an injection of new and fresh ideas will begin pouring in, aiding in creating successful process improvements and new policies and procedures. As stated before, people want and need to feel like insiders. Giving the empowered employees the opportunity to have their thoughts and ideas taken into account can go a long way. New, innovative ideas can come about by just letting the voices be heard. Employees may have more descript ideas for projects or improvements made within their area of expertise. For an example, if an employee has an idea about increasing the productivity, others outside that area may see this task as non-value added and not feel comfortable with the prospective changes. If the same subject was to come up within the disagreeing employees area, it may be construed as a good idea but with the same outcome. Have a voice of all employees creates the idea that an input matters and so called resident experts can have their say. There should be a distinguishable line between an innovative idea and something that may be of preference. This is where the leadership and management should step in and create those boundaries. With set boundaries, the employees will realize that empowerment is a good thing, but all ideas need to be well thought out before they are proposed. Using the flat organizational model creates that level ground and enables all the employees to propose ideas that can better help the entire company, not just their specific area. Although this model gives the power to the people, none of it can be accomplished without the aspects of good communication. Effective communication is the basis of all things successful. All communications flow through one clear, precise, documented policy or procedure to make the task as streamlined as possible with no shortfalls. The flat organization model places everyone on a level playing field, transferring communications from one end to the other ensuring all parties involved have the same idea. Without effective and successful communication paths, resident expert may not be able to convey their message as thoroughly as needed to get the point across. This also pertains to keeping new ideas at a level that can be understood by the organization. For example, if an Engineer is speaking in technical jargon, other employees may get confused in what the Engineer is trying to accomplish. Communication should also be documented in clear, precise wording so that there is no loop holes to get through or derail a prospective idea. This will also help maintain the educational shortfalls of some employees if the information gets too technical or out of their scope of thought. All the communications that are used should ensure they can be clearly translated into manual processes in order to see the light at the end of the tunnel and see it through to completion with the least amount of snags in the process. While employee empowerment through the flat organization model can be successful, only when employees are issued personal responsibility, get an injection of new and innovative ideas, and communicate will the process work for a company. Keeping a watch over all the tools and employees that are put into place will help ensure a smooth transition to this type of model. Empowerment is the process of enabling, through the development of competence combined with the authorizing of an individual to think, behave, and take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. The payoff for the organization, a more effective and presumably customer oriented operation and for the employee a feeling of being self-empowered and being able to influence the outcome of their own future. Empowerment is not something someone bestows on the people who report to him, it is a personal development process undertaken in an atmosphere of mutual trust, understanding, learning and shared responsibility. Management has the responsibility to create a work environment which helps foster the ability and desire of employees to act in empowered ways through the removal of barriers that limit that ability. The concept of empowerment is conceived as the idea of power, because empowerment is closely related to changing power: gaining, expending, diminishing, and losing. Traditionally, power was understood as an isolated entity and a zero sum, as it is usually possessed at the expense of others. Recently, power has been understood as shared because it can actually strengthen while being shared with others . Shared power is the definition, as a process that occurs in relationships, that gives us the possibility of empowerment. It is conceived as a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their lives. There exist three issues basic to the understanding of empowerment. First, empowerment is multidimensional in that it occurs within sociological, psychological, economic, political, and other dimensions. Empowerment also occurs at various levels, such as individual, group, and community. Empowerment is only as good as its mental state. The Mind is the foundation and the birthplace in which all empowerment can be extruded. The focal point of empowerment is determined by the level of confidence one has in order to make the exhibition of empowerment more authoritative. This can easily be identified with societys educational status levels in which we are engrained from childhood. In opinion, the stereotype is by far accepted that the higher the level of education an individual exhibits; a more increasingly amount of empowerment is produced and exercised due to the exposure of educational access and an influx of support by the individuals domestic structure and surrounding community as compared to those who lack similar traits and emotional infrastructure. Influenced by a continual drive of psychological acceleration; it is of the output empowerment gives that drives the individual to strive for greatness, the omnipresent benefactor of confidence and accomplishment that robustly rejuvenates the mind to continue striving for excellence. Society; within the past 50 years has over exalted status quos on characteristics that majorities believe make the characteristics of an individual. From the amount of material possessions, to status of occupational rank, empowerment plays a key role in determining where one will place their niche. Empowerment is essential in the fact that it produces a surplus of confidence, thus assertive ones self into raising the bar in todays modern socioeconomic hierarchy. The only constraint in the progression of empowerment is limitation of the psychological mindset. In other words, the surest way to combat the progression of empowerment is the individual himself. Prosperity, as believed in general society; is only granted to those who seek it. By inquisition, action must be taken and how that is done is through the act of empowerment. The socio-economic status of an individual can be clearly defined and dignified by the power he invests within himself. Without it, affluence within a lifespan is un-manifested. While it yet to remains unknown why empowerment is so effective to each individual, the position remains identical: Empowerment transmogrifies the fortitude and disposition of an individual as long as the individual wishes to transform. With emotional renovation comes a renewed attitude and aptitude of growth and acceptance. Empowerment breaks down the barriers of unconstructiveness, indecisiveness, and mental apathy that would otherwise hinder the development of becoming a new being; mentally, emotionally, and with personal and public sectors being finances. For me, feeling as though I have a choice and can make direct decisions gives a feeling of self-worth. By not feeling constantly scrutinized, the workplace becomes a positive environment rather than a negative one. It is a crucial part in satisfying and improving productivity rates. It motivates me to be more involved in my job and improve my knowledge and skills. I am more eager to share proficiencies with other employees resulting in the skill level of the company to improve and job being completed in a more capable way. This is a social aspect of organizing that is based on efficacy and initiative, not just roles and requirements. Motivation, commitment and creativity increases and the company reaps the benefits. I am allowed to own the problem at hand. In doing so, I am encouraged to not only identify the roblem, but to supply my own solution to the problem. This leads to a positive work environment and a reduction of stress factors. The outcome of empowerment benefits the company as I am more loyal as I see myself as part of the company instead of just a subordinate. This reduces the gap between myself and managers. The role of manager then shifts from control to coordination and facilitation of work processes. With less focus on decision making, the focal point becomes good communications, leadership, education and training. The manager’s role becomes assisting us in development of the skills and confidence to make good decisions and to maximize my full potential. I believe employees are the most important part of any business. Without employees, businesses can do nothing. Empowered employees need their organization as much as the organization needs them. This need is much more than a paycheck and a benefits package. The empowerment process is successful when there is feedback in the organizational culture. Employees should be treated the same way customers are treated. Teamwork is also an important factor in empowerment. Teamwork leads to an enhanced performance, as well as an increase in the quality of the work performed. These are aside from the commonly observed factors of enhanced cooperation, collaboration and cohesion amongst the employees within the workplace. Concluding, empowerment is more than just an action of physicality, it is an affirmation into the subconscious realm that rejuvenates that mind and soul from within, to bring about the actions that will then take forth. .

Guest Blogging Guide 5 Steps to Get Your First Post Published

Everyone always talks about how helpful guest blogging is for growing your blog. But when youre just getting started, it can be tough to know what you actually have to do to get your first guest post published. Thats what our guest blogging guide is here to help with.Guest posting around the web is a perfect way to expand your reach and visibility. It also isn’t hard to do, since a lot of blogs and similar sites accept contributions. Once you know the best way to go about it, you can quickly find yourself successfully placing guest posts on a regular basis.In this guest blogging guide, we’ll briefly touch on why you might want to put some time into this marketing strategy. Then we’ll walk you through how to publish your first guest post. Let’s get to work! can use a guest post to help drive conversions and sales. You’re just better off working in a mention of your product or service naturally, rather than designing an entire piece around a review or tutorial.Step 2: Choose your target blogOnce you know what you’re trying to accomplish, the next step in our guest blogging guide is finding a site to target. This means choosing a specific blog you’d like to be published on.It’s best to start out by generating a list of potential target blogs, which you can narrow down later. To develop this list, you’ll want to check out your own favorite blogs, as well as those most popular with your audience.You can also use Google to turn up good guest blogging opportunities. This search operator is a good start (just make sure to enter your own keyword):"keyword + guest post by"Once you get some targets, you’ll want to look for sites that clearly accept guest posts. In most cases, this will mean they have a dedicated Write for us page (heres ours). Many blogs also state on their Contact or About pages whether they accept guest posts or not – which makes it simple to eliminate them from your list.If it isn’t clear whether a particular blog takes guest contributions, you can check out their previous posts to see if they’ve been written by a variety of authors. If so, they’re more likely to at least be open to the possibility. However, you’ll want to reach out to the site and ask whether they’re interested in submissions before proceeding, so you don’t waste your time writing content for a blog that doesn’t want it.When you have a solid list of candidates at hand, choose the one you’d most like to be published on. This should be the blog thats best positioned to help you reach your goal. You can keep the remaining options handy for the next guest post.Step 3: Develop a proposalAt this point, many people are tempted to jump right in and start writing their guest post. However, before this, it’s best to make sure your target blog is actually interested in the topic.To do so, you can write up a guest post proposal. This is typically a short email that lets the blog know what you’d like to write about. While writing up your proposal, consider the following elements:Keep it brief – most blog editors don’t have a lot of time. Include the proposed article’s title, and either a paragraph or two summarizing what it will be about, or a very concise outline. Heres how to write a good pitch.Check out the blog’s guest posting requirements (if possible). Many blogs have a page outlining rules and guidelines for guest posters, such as which kinds of topics are acceptable and what information needs to be included in your proposal.If you have any particular requests, clarify them upfront.  For example, you may want to make sure a specific link is included that leads back to your website, or maybe you’d like a byline with a short author bio. Make sure to specify these elements in your proposal – just don’t ask for too much!If the blog you’re targeting has a dedicated submissions page, you’ll often find an email address or contact form you can use to send your proposal. Otherwise, you can check out the site’s general contact page and get in touch that way.Step 4: Write and submit your guest postWhen your target blog has indicated their interest in your proposal, it’s time to get to work. We won’t tell you how to actually write the post – chances are you already know how to put together some quality content.However, here are some things to keep in mind during the process:Keep the target blog’s requirements at hand, and make sure to cover every base. This can include structuring your article in a specific way, including images of certain types or sizes, and so on.Consider the length of your post carefully. If the target blog didn’t specify a word count, aim for a piece that’s weighty without being overly long. 1,000 to 2,000 words is often the sweet spot for a guest post.Write to the target blog’s core audience. This might be slightly different than your own audience, so do some research if necessary and find out what they know and what they’re interested in.Avoid overly promotional or ‘salesy’ language. We mentioned this earlier, but it bears repeating. Mentioning your own website and services is often fine, but try to maintain a neutral tone and focus on providing solid advice or information rather than making a sale.Once you’re happy with the post, you can submit it to the target blog via its preferred method. You may have to wait a while for a response, although don’t be afraid to follow up periodically to see if it’s been reviewed and to ask when it will be published.Step 5: Promote the published postIf everything has gone well, the target blog will edit and publish your submitted post. However, your job isn’t quite over yet.To get the most out of your guest post, you’ll want to ensure th at as many people see it as possible. For this reason, the last step in our guest blogging guide is to promote the piece once it’s published.You can do this by:Creating a short post on your own blog, letting readers know about the new content and providing a link.Sharing the post on all your social media profiles.Sending out a message to your email subscription list.In addition, keep an eye on the post while it’s fresh, and make sure to respond to as many reader comments as you can. Engaging with the target blog’s audience is a smart way to extend the life of your guest post as long as possible.Get out there and put this guest blogging guide into actionIt can be easy to focus too much on your own blog and content. However, if you really want to grow your audience and reputation, you’ll want to be visible on more places around the web. Creating quality guest posts and getting them published on key sites is the perfect way to do it.In this guest blogging gu ide, youve learned how to:Decide on a goal for your guest post.Choose your target blog.Develop a proposal.Write and submit your guest post.Promote the published post.And once you start getting traction from your own guest blogging efforts, you can look into accepting guest posts on your own site.Do you have any questions about the steps in this guest blogging guide? Ask away in the comments section below! Unsure how to start guest #blogging? Follow these 5 steps to get your first post #published

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligentâ€According to Science

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligent- According to Science According to a new study, brainy people tend to spend more time being chill than their less-intelligent, but more active counterparts- mostly because they have a higher IQ, get bored less and are thus more likely to be comfortable getting lost in thought. Active people, on the other hand, need constant activity to keep themselves stimulated, as they are more easily bored. Florida Gulf University gave a test to a group of students, asking them to rate how strongly they agreed with statements about engagement with tasks and problems, and from this, were able to select 30 â€Å"thinkers† and 30 â€Å"non-thinkers† from their pool.The 60 subjects then wore a movement/activity tracking device on their wrists for the next week, giving researchers a constant stream of data about their physical habits. Their findings, described as â€Å"highly significant† and â€Å"robust† in statistical terms, showed that the â€Å"thinkers† were far less active during th e week than their â€Å"non-thinker† counterparts. The weekends, strangely, were about the same.It may actually be beneficial, then, to spend an extra hour or two in bed thinking through tasks and schedules, revisiting and reimagining your goals. Your daydreaming might be twice as generative as a non-thinker’s doing.There’s a danger, of course, to less active people- no matter how brainy- and that is the danger of the sedentary lifestyle. So if you think you might be a â€Å"thinker,† and relishing those quiet moments lost in thought, you might also want to make a point of exercising enough. Just to make sure you stay healthy and nourish your body- not just your brain.In addition to this, you should also consider finding a job that is compatible with your personality. The sooner you find a job that you enjoy, the happier you will be, regardless of how intelligent or lazy you are.

Scarlet letter Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scarlet letter - Annotated Bibliography Example 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. It is a comprehensive article that delves into the main character of the novel, Hester Prynne. Her character, personality and experiences are analyzed and extensively evaluated. It also tackles the symbolic roles she, as a woman, represents from the time that she moved from England to the United States, her act of adultery to her husband, and the harsh punishment and condemnation that she had to face thereafter. Press, 1985. Print. It is a collection of different essays written by scholars and literary critics that explores the themes and implied messages that the story conveys, from the roles of the characters to the experiences that they undergo throughout the whole novel. Additionally, the essays also discuss the significance and impact of the book in today’s literature, analyzes the different elements, which contains and expresses varying premises about the Puritans in the United States, sexuality, sin, gender roles, life and

Natural resources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural resources - Research Paper Example So, there are several industries that are considered as natural resource industries such as mining, fishing, forestry and many others but agriculture is barred from this list. The name ‘natural resource’ was suggested, by E.F. Schumacher in the book published in the era of 1970s called as Small is Beautiful (Longstreth, 2011, p.4). Categorization of Natural Resources Natural resources are categorized into renewable and the non-renewable ones. Renewable resources are the ones, which can replenish themselves, provided that they are not over-harvested and are utilized wisely (Perman, 1999, p.9). The examples include fishes, forests, trees and other things. Once, these renewable resources are utilized at a speed which is greater than their normal tempo of replacement, the entire reserves will decrease in quantity and ultimately be depleted. The speed of utilization of a natural resource should be equal to the replacement speed and the quantity of reserve stock of a particula r natural resource. Inorganic renewable natural resources comprise of soil and water. Flow renewable resources can be harmonized with renewable resources but the difference is that they do not require renewal like the renewable ones. Renewable power sources that are incorporated in the list of Flow renewable resources are of sun: solar, of earth: geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, of sea: tides and wind. Resources can be further categorized on the grounds of their source of origin: biotic ones and the abiotic ones (Perman, 1999, p.9). Biotic resources result from the living beings but the abiotic resources are originated from the non-living components of the earth such as land, air and water. Other resources such as those related with minerals and power are also in the abiotic category, though some of them are derivative of the natural resources. Non-renewable resources A natural resource, which is present in rigid amounts and cannot exist, grow or renew itself at a speed as it is u tilized, is a non-renewable resource. Few of the non-renewable resources can become renewable but they require very long time duration to come into this category such as the fossil fuels which need millions of years to build up in moderate amount but they cannot be called as exactly renewable. Natural capital Natural resources can become natural capital when they are used up as a commodity that can help to increase the infrastructural capital developments (Perman, 1999, p.9). These can comprise of loam, timber wood, various oils, different minerals and some other sort of products that are digged from the earth. Both the mining of the essential resource and then refining them to an unpolluted, straightly functional form, for example, some metals and the refined oils, are usually designated as the natural resource capitals, although the latter may perhaps not essentially happen next to the former one. A country’s natural resource, sometimes, verify its capital and the repute in the world economic structure, via depicting the political affect in it. Urbanized states in the world are actually not reliant on natural resources for riches, because of their increased dependence on infrastructural capital for fabrication of new products. Though, some view this resource nuisance which might harm the future vistas of a nationalized country because of the time that is wasted in offering bribes for other similar sort of economically non-productive activities that do not lead

Causes and effects of fluctuation in oil price

Causes and effects of fluctuation in oil price This report discusses about the most essential energy resource and the core in economics that is oil. Since it is now used in a variety of ways to operate any machines for everyday life especially automobiles, its needs and wants has been grown rapidly. However, such unsustainable and finite amount of oil now does tremendous matters to global economics. When it was not fully used for running machines, people in history used for constructions and medicines. However, with its discovery of many usable ways such as lighting, the wants of oil has been rocketed. After many years have been used oil for running machines and other fields, economists found that oil price is actually affected by some crucial reasons and events occurred. Following this, it explains with examples about how such natural disasters, wars, recession, and oil crisis can cause the oil price changed. Also, it talks about effects as what would happen to politics and economics after the fluctuation in oil price. Since the re is high in demand of oil and limited supply, the price of oil is very high. Also, environmentalists claim that even it has replaced coal successfully in running machines and automobiles, it still emissions harmful pollutant to nature. Therefore, many researchers have been made a research for an alternative energy source to oil. Actually, there are many renewable energy sources found to use as alternative energy to oil after it is depleted, but it still has to study more on it due to new technology required to be usable. Hence, there are many arguments about whether we should keep oil as main energy source or change it to new energy source to lessen the current oil price and care about remaining amount of crude oil even it costs a lot. We infer that the oil price fluctuation can make significant changes economically, socially, and politically. We also think that searching for alternative energy sources can help the environment and maintain more stable economy. 1.0 Introduction The oil, which is used for everyday life, is just as important as water and air. Oil is used not only for running automobiles and producing electricity but also producing plastics, clothes, and electrical goods as well. Thus, we could say oil is a fundamental material to produce goods we need in everyday life. This research paper will mainly discuss oil and recognize how the money in exchange for oil, in other words, the oil money affects global economy. Also, we will see how other economists think about viable alternatives to oil in future. 2.0 History of Oil use Oil has been known as one of the most significant and essential energy sources used and progressed for numerous purposes since thousands of years. Despite modern major oil use is to run automobiles such as cars, buses, trucks, and ships, ancient people used in many other ways. According to history, ancient people used pure oil not only as a material for binding materials and as a sealant for waterproofing various surfaces but also as worked materials to pave asphalt on walls and roads. With its numerous effects has brought economic growth, the world started to recognize the importance of oil use. It was also discovered that the Chinese were the first knew the importance use of oil and to discover underground oil and drew from the wells in order to use for lighting around 500 B.C. Ever since that time many countries has begun to find oil wells around the world due to the important roles for the use of oil (BERA The Oil Gas Industry). Moreover, oil development has been quite active s ince long time ago. For example, Poland was the first country in the world trade the oil that was in 1853, and then comes Romania in 1857. In North America, the first commercial was in 1858. In 1959 Titusville was very famous for its oil well production of twenty five barrels a day. The U.S started to produce millions and millions of barrels during the past 50 years after the first production. For example; 2000 barrels in 1859 after 40 years 57 million barrels were produced in a year and still increasing until now. (Wilson, 2010) 3.0 Causes of fluctuation in oil price Knowing the reasons for oil price fluctuation is very important; since knowing such information can help the investor to invest at the right without any risk. It is very perplexing to know the exact cause of fluctuation in oil price; however, we will highlight the main causes and effects of phenomenon. 3.1.0 Causes There are four main causes change oil price; hurricane Katrina, middle-east wars, recessions, and oil crisis in the 1970s. 3.1.1 Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina in 2005 caused the oil production in the Southern Gulf Coast in the U.S to stop completely, and due to the demand and to the lag of oil production; the price of oil barrels increased suddenly to $70 per a barrel. The prices declined when the U.S government decided to release 30 million oil barrels from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) (Editorial Dept, 2009). 3.1.2 Middle East wars The wars happened in the Middle East between Iraq and Afghanistan in July, 2008 caused the prices of oil to increase to more than $136 per barrel. The Middle East is known that it is one of the richest regions of oil. Therefore, due to the high prices of oil at that time, the demand for oil dramatically decreased; people started to demand less and save money. Due to this low demand, the prices of oil started to return back to normal (Editorial Dept, 2009). 3.1.3 Recession Recession caused the oil prices to change in two ways. First, the recession caused the employees to work lesser, and some even started to work from their homes; therefore, they are not demanding often for oil (e.g. transportation). Hence, the prices of oil decreased due to the low demand. Secondly, the demand for other products (e.g. electronics) decreased due to recession. The manufacturing countries which supply these products started to supply less since they started to lose proifit, so less shipment of products occurred less use of oil and this caused the prices of oil to decline (Editorial Dept, 2009). 3.1.4 Oil crisis in the 1970s The prices of oil in the Middle East were low, most of the developed countries such as the U.S decided to rely more on importing the oil. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) decided to limit their production of oil in order to make the higher oil price (Wright Boorsw, 2011). 3.2.0 Effects There are two effects showing what would be likely results of politics and economics after the changes in oil price. 3.2.1 Political effects Because of the negative effects of oil price fluctuation in the United States, the citizens decided to vote for Barack Obama in the 2008 elections. (Crenshaw, Maniam Subramaniam, 2010). 3.2.2 Economical effects There is a relationship between oil price fluctuating and income rate. For example, when the price oil increase, the income rate of the labors decrease in order for the industry to make up for the loss and make profit. Also, when the prices of oil increased, some storeowners couldnt pay for the gas deliveries and they had to shut down their businesses. Not to mention the increase of shipping fees, transportation, and food prices (Crenshaw, Maniam, Subramaniam, 2010). 4.0 Alternative energy sources to Fossil Fuels Countries around the world are reconsidering other energy sources to oil due to its increasing prices, polluting waste and the remaining amount left of it. Oil is formed over millions of years from the remains of animals and plants, covered with a layer of sand and silt. Crude oil and petroleum are also known as rock oil, developed by heat and pressure on the layers. Today oil is used to fuel vehicles, heat houses, and make numerous products ranging from medicines to plastics. However, a great pitfall of oil is the emission of harmful gases when burnt. Before the age of oil, coal was the dominating fuel, as stated by BBC (Alternatives to oil, 2000).Not only was it a reliable provider of electricity, it [was] also an essential fuel for steel and cement production, and other industrial activities (World Coal Association, N.D). However, it lost its popularity due to the fact that a large amount of poisonous gases, like carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are produced in its burning process, contributing negatively to the change in climate. Moreover, nuclear power is said to be friendly regarding the global warming. For example, the United Arab Emirates has been depending on oil for a very long period as a main income generator. However, the emirates are trying their best to stimulate other inflows from tourism, manufacturing and plans for research and development of new energy programs since they know that oil would eventually run out one day. According to the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC), the development of nuclear power plants in Abu Dhabi will help serving the growth in energy needs in the future. On the other hand, some countries fear to take the risk of having nuclear plants because of the rising rate of tragic accidents. The recent leakage of nuclear and radioactive substances in Japan, due to the 8.9 Richter scale earthquakes, is an example. Technology innovations are creating a path to the usage of new, more environmentally sociable fossil fuels. Renewable fuels include hydro-electric energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy and hydrogen. Renewable fuels promote countries to use nature and a high technological plan to produce power. In Norway for instance, hydro-electric power is used to the fullest as reported by BBC (Alternatives to oil, 2000). Wind and wave power are another promising fuels. Solar power is coming on by leaps and bounds. There are already photo-voltaic cells which will provide power on a cloudy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ winters day, or even by moonlight (Alternatives to oil, 2000). However, the hesitation and reluctance of countries to use such power sources falls under the aspect of price. A lot of money will be required to build wind turbine, solar panels, and hydrogen in conversion of technologies. All in all, there is a wide variety of alternatives to oil, however the users should evaluate the benefits and drawbacks for each power source and the effects generated to the society from the global view. 5.0 Conclusion To sum up, our world consists of variety of sources. Oil is one of the most important sources that are used in todays life, yet it is a non-renewable source. Therefore, looking for alternatives for oil can help stabilize economy and environment. Furthermore, due to some environmental and humanistic behaviors, oil prices began to increase and decline; this affected the world in many ways economically, politically, and socially.